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I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & PRODUCT DEFINITIONSStudy Reliability and Reporting Limitations I-1Disclaimers I-2Data Interpretation & Reporting Level I-2Quantitative Techniques & Analytics I-2Product Definitions and Scope of Study I-3II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. MARKET OVERVIEW II-1
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells – A Curtain Raiser II-1
SOFCs: The Newest Theme for Clean Energy II-1
Outlook II-2
Present Levels of Commercialization II-2
The Role of the Government in Driving the Market’s Future II-2
Environmental Benefits Make SOFCs Irresistible II-3
SOFCs: A Technology of Interest to the Developed Countries II-3
SOFCs Preferred for Providing Power in High Temperature
Applications II-4
Table 1: Worldwide SOFC Market (2012 & 2018): Percentage
Breakdown of Sales Value by Application Segments-CPUs,
Generators, APUs & Remote Power Units, and Others (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) II-4
SOFCs: Ideal for Distributed Power Generation II-5
SOFCs Takes On Market Leader PEMFC Head On II-5
Technological Developments Widen Scope of Applications for SOFCs II-6
Stationary Fuel Cell Market to Sail Through Economic Crisis II-6
Table 2: Worldwide Micro-CHP Market (2012): Percentage Share
Breakdown of Volume Sales by Driving Technologies- Internal
Combustion Engine, PEM Fuel Cell and Stirling Engine
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) II-6
SOFCs Gather Momentum in Stationary Fuel Cell Market II-7
SOFC Demand Not Disruptive to Supplies of Rare Earth Elements II-7
Tempered by Uncertainty, Team Effort Prevails II-8
Conventional Power Companies Vie for the SOFC Pie II-8
Table 4: Global Fuel Cell Shipments by Geographic Region
(2010 & 2011): Percentage Breakdown of Megawatt Capacity for
corresponding Graph/Chart) II-12
Low Shipment Volumes Magnify Volatility II-12
Whimsical Visions of an All-Hydrogen Economy Drives Interest
in Fuel Cells II-12
Commercial Portable Fuel Cell Market Wanes II-13
Table 5: Global Fuel Cell Shipments (2010 & 2011): Percentage
Breakdown of Unit Volumes by End-use Application
Segments-Portable, Stationary and Transport (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) II-14
Table 6: Global Fuel Cell Shipments (2010 & 2011): PercentageBreakdown of Megawatt Capacity by End-use ApplicationSegments-Stationary, Transport and Portable (includescorresponding Graph/Chart) II-14Positive Outlook for Fuel Cell Integrated Residential CHPs II-15Table 7: Worldwide Residential CHP Markets (2011 & 2012):Percentage Breakdown of Sales Volumes by Technology – FuelCells and Others (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) II-15Manufacturers Expand Production Hubs to New Shores II-16Fuel Cell Manufacturers Foray into Newer Segments II-16Fuel Cell Majors Snap Up Critical Component Vendors II-16Table 8: Geographic Distribution of Commercial Suppliers forIndividual Fuel Cell Components (2012) (includescorresponding Graph/Chart) II-17Cost: A Herculean Challenge II-17Surface Area of Components: A Major Issue II-17Miniaturization: A Major Challenge in Designing Portable FuelCells II-18Inadequate Infrastructure & Lack of Customer Confidence II-18
3. FUEL CELLS AND SOFCS: A TECHNOLOGY FREEZE FRAME II-19
Evolution of Fuel Cells II-19
Types of Fuel Cells II-19
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) II-19
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) II-20
Solid Polymer or Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM) II-20
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) II-20
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) II-20
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) II-21
Comparative Analysis of Fuel Cell Technologies II-21
Technical Features II-22
Major Application Areas for Various Fuel Cell Technologies II-22
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Technology II-22
Advantages II-22
Pollution Index II-23
Pitfalls II-23
High Manufacturing Costs II-23
High Operating Temperature II-23
A Working Model of a SOFC II-23
1. Reduction of Oxygen into Negatively Charged Oxygen Ions (O2-)
at Cathode II-24
2. Conduction Negatively Charged Oxygen Ions Through Electrolyte II-24
3. Oxidation of Hydrogen at Anode II-24
Architectural Dynamics II-24
Components of SOFCs II-25
Cathode II-25
Electrolyte II-25
Anode II-26
Interconnect II-26
SOFC Component Materials & Properties II-27
Yttria Stabilized Zirconia II-27
Nickel II-27
Strontium Doped Lanthanum Magnetite II-27
Lanthanum Chromite II-27
SOFCs: An Evolution Scan II-27
Types of SOFCs II-28
Classification by Design II-28
Planar SOFCs II-28
Electrolyte-Supported Planar SOFCs II-28
Electrode-Supported or Anode-Supported Planar SOFCs II-28
Drawbacks II-29
Tubular SOFCs II-29
What’s More Popular – Planar or Tubular? II-29
Classification by Operating Temperatures II-29
High Temperature SOFCs II-29
Advantages II-30
Disadvantages II-30
Intermediate Temperature SOFC II-30
The Math of Reducing Operating Temperature II-31
Other Implications II-31
Research Focus II-31
Advantages of Reducing Operating Temperatures II-32
Disadvantages of Reducing Operating Temperatures II-32
Applications of SOFCs II-32
Stationary Power Applications II-32
Standalone Power Generator II-32
Transportation II-33
The PEMFC Edge II-33
Mobile Electronic Equipments/Portable Energy Applications II-34
Space & Military II-34
What Makes SOFCs Such a Cherished Technology? II-34
What’s in the Material? II-35
Lanthanum Chromite: A Possible Material for Interconnects II-35
Solid Oxide Regenerative Fuel Cells (SORFC) II-35
5. RECENT INDUSTRY ACTIVITY II-42
LG Electronics Snaps Up 51% Interest in Rolls- Royce Fuel Cell
Systems II-42
FuelCell Energy to Form a JV with Fraunhofer IKTS II-42
FuelCell Energy Enters into an Agreement with Southern
California Edison II-42
Lockheed Martin Secures US Naval Contract for Military-purpose
SOFCs II-42
FuelCell Energy Wins US Navy Contract for UUV SOFC-Battery Units II-43
JX Nippon Oil & Energy Sets Up Fuel Cell Technology Center in
Germany II-43
Topsoe Fuel Cell Inks MoU with SK Holdings for Commercializing
SOFCs II-43
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to Develop FHCC System II-44
NexTech Materials Wins US Navy Contract for UUV SOFC Module II-44
Coca-Cola Installs Bloom Energy Servers at California Plant II-44
Cox Communications Installs Five Bloom Energy Servers II-44
AT&T to Set Up Bloom Energy Servers at 11 Sites in California II-45
Ultra Electronics Acquires Adaptive Materials II-45
Elcogen Purchases Intellectual Property Rights from VTT
Technical Research II-45
WATT Fuel Cell and Solar Acquisitions Set Up JV Evolution Fuel
Cell II-45
FuelCell Energy to Partner with Abengoa for Marketing DFC Plants II-46
The Crown Estate Purchases FuelCell Energy’s DFC300 for
Quadrant 3 Project II-46
Daegu City Fuel Cell Park Commences Operations II-46
Solid Cell Secures SOFC Grant from NYSERDA II-47
Ultra Electronics, AMI Receives US Army Contract for SOFCs II-47
AFRL Extends Optomec SOFC Technology Development Contract II-47
FuelCell Energy Secures US DOE Funding for SECA Phase III II-47
WArtsilA to Integrate Versa Power’s SOFCs in Products II-48
Topsoe Fuel Cell to Expand SOFC Stacks Manufacturing
7. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE II-56
Table 9: World Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis For
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) by Geographic Region – US,
Analyzed with Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years
2009 through 2018 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) II-56
A.Market Analysis III-1
Outlook III-1
Market Drivers In a Capsule III-1
Market Inhibitors In a Capsule III-1
SECA: A Unique Initiative III-2
Core Technology Program Members of SECA SOFC Program III-2
Major Programs for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Storage at a Glance III-3
Major Trends III-4
US DOE Cuts Spending on Fuel Cell Research III-4
Stationary Power Application: The Largest End-Use Market III-5
Contribution by SOFC Power Units by Output for Years 2004,
2006 and 2009 (In %) (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-5
Key Market Trends III-5
The Shadow of Competition Grows Longer III-5
An Unstructured Retail Space III-6
SOFC: Popular With Traditional Power Giants III-6
SOFC Benefits from the Power Hungry World Population III-6
Clampdown on Pollution Encourages Technological Shift III-7
Government Backing Speeds Up Commercialization Process III-7
Strong Economy Leads to Faster Penetration/Adaptation III-7
Sluggish Deregulation Process of Power Industry Affects
SOFC Market III-7
Product/Technology Introductions/ Demonstrations III-8
Strategic Corporate Activity III-10
Key Players III-14
B.Market Analytics III-18
Table 12: US Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Analyzed with Annual Revenues
in US$ Million for the Years 2009 through 2018 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-18
A.Market Analysis III-21
A Primer III-21
Outlook III-21
Bird’s Eye View of Government’s Fuel Cell Projects III-22
NEDO’s SOFC Initiatives III-22
SOFC Types Under Development in NEDO Program III-23
SOFC Unit Installations Completed Under NEDO Program III-23
ENE-FARM Project III-23
Table 14: Japanese Government Subsidies for ENE-FARM
Residential CHP Unit Installations (2009-2012) (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-24
Major Programs for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Storage at a Glance III-24
Market Trends III-25
DRSOFC’s Residential SOFC Units Slow to Take off III-25
Japan Lures Foreign Investments III-26
Product/Technology Introduction/Demonstration III-27
Strategic Corporate Activity III-27
Key Player III-28
B.Market Analytics III-29
Table 15: Japanese Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis
for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Analyzed with Annual
Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2009 through 2018
(includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-29
Table 18: European 9-Year Perspective for Solid Oxide Fuel
Cells (SOFCs) by Geographic Region – Percentage Breakdown of
Markets for the Years 2009, 2012 & 2018 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-35
A.Market Analysis III-37
Outlook III-37
Major Programs for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Storage at a Glance III-37
Strategic Corporate Development III-37
Key Player III-38
B.Market Analytics III-39
Table 20: German Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Analyzed with Annual Revenues
in US$ Million for the Years 2009 through 2018 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-39
A.Market Analysis III-41
Outlook III-41
Major Programs for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Storage at a Glance III-41
Strategic Corporate Development III-41
Key Player III-41
B.Market Analytics III-43
Table 22: UK Recent Past, Current & Future Analysis for
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Analyzed with Annual Revenues
in US$ Million for the Years 2009 through 2018 (includes
corresponding Graph/Chart) III-43
5. REST OF WORLD III-48
A.Market Analysis III-48
A Primer III-48
Outlook III-48
Major Programs for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Storage at a Glance III-48
Asia-Pacific III-48
South Korea III-48
China III-48
India III-49
Australia III-49
Africa III-49
Major Trends III-49
Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Market Set for Stellar Growth III-49
Chinese Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Economy Yet to Bloom III-50
Chinese Telecom Backup Market – A Hotspot for Fuel Cells III-50
South Korean Government Nurtures Fuel Cell Economy III-51
Green Home Project III-51
Fuel Cell Technology Development Roadmap III-52
Rising Adoption of Fuel Cell Technology in the Middle East III-52
Strategic Corporate Developments III-52
Key Players III-54
B.Market Analytics III-55
Table 24: Rest of World Recent Past, Current & Future
Analysis for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) Analyzed with
Annual Revenues in US$ Million for the Years 2009 through
2018 (includes corresponding Graph/Chart) III-55
IV. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
Total Companies Profiled: 66 (including Divisions/Subsidiaries – 70)
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